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The
stonecarver Shakya family starts the workday with
a short prayer to Lord Ganesh, a diety believed
to bring good results to all endeavors. Often
it is daybreak when offerings of rice, coins,
vermilion, and betel nut to Lord Biswakarma, the
diety of architects and artisans, precede the
initiation of each piece of work.
According
to Purna Bahadur Shakya, his family is Buddhist,
but as is the tradition of the Newari people of
the Kathmandu Valley, gods of Hinduism and Animism
also find a way into their homes and hearts. Nowadays,
though every Shakya lives like a Buddhist monk
for at least four days of his life to commemorate
the teachings of their Buddha, religious tolerance
allows them to carve Buddhist, Hindu, Animistic
and other statues derived from religions as far
away as Cambodia.
A
man of another generation and little influenced
by Western cultures, Purna Bahadur Shakya, is
the head of this Shakya stonecarver family. He
also works as a Buddhist priest when need arises
in the neighbourhood. They work at the temples
as pujaris and have the Shakya guthi that assures
that tradition, social fabric and duty, festivals,
and other important aspects of their Newari lifestyle
will not forgotten.
Through
this guthi, they are involved in different social
actions like during death of a guthi member, birth
in a guthi family, and conducting festivals. No
matter what other tasks await them, they invariably
continue their offerings to temples and vihars
around their locality. Sangu guthi ("sangu"
literally means the first day of the month) is
called on the first day of every month when they
worship Lord Macchendranath.
Purna
Bahadur Shakya and his family start sculpting
together in good hopes for the day. Purna Bahadur
has also been teaching his two daughters the craft.
The younger daughter works as an apprentice helping
with small works. The elder daughter, Sobha, has
learned enough now to match her brothers in sculpting.
His three sons, Nabin, Rabhi, and Sabindra, have
been as naturally introduced to this field of
work as they were to speaking their native language.
They grew up playing in their workshop in the
basement, which made the wood, the tools, and
the art as an integral part of their everyday
life. By growing up and learning in such close
proximity to their craft, they find the modern
education that other children accept as compulsory
to be alomost alien to their needs. However, Nabin,
the eldest son, has completed Bachelor's in Commerce
and says that his studies aid the commerce of
their products. It was a few years back when the
demand for their artwork forced them into a bigger
working area; they opened a small factory and
employed four other people. The new workers are
used for the rough work while the fine sculpting
is still completed by the family.
The
family efficiently divides their work amongst
themselves. Purna Bahadur, as the head of the
family, does most of the supervising in their
work. Nabin, acting as the representative family
businessman, is the busiest of them all. He has
a motorbike that carries him to every corner of
the city he is needed in. He divides his time
between his shop, his factory, a school where
he works as the vice president, and a renovation
site of a vihar (a Buddhist temple). The younger
brothers, Rabhi and Sabindra, help where they
are needed.
Nabin
says, "Our ancestors have been involved in
arts since the 16th century when a terra cotta
complex of Mahaboudda Temple was built in Patan.
The architect, Pandit Abhaya Raj, is our ancestor.
Among his seven sons, the first left the family,
the second turned into a vichiu (Buddhist monk),
and our lineage descends from the third son. Everyone
agrees that our lineage and our link to this temple
give us the responsibility to renovate it. We
organized a renovating committee in which I acted
as the chairman. Since the surface of the terra
cotta was degrading, the task was basically covering
it with plastic. We completed the project in around
12 months in March 2002. Right after that I was
again elected the chairman of another renovation
committee. This time the renovation was of a vihar
right outside my house and the team is constituted
with my own uncles who also live around the vihar.
The work still continues and I'm not the least
bit worried if I am not paid for this job. With
all the skills I have learned in these crafts,
I think it is my duty to voluntarily contribute
something to the society in which I have grown."
The
stoneworkers have not opened a shop to sell, as
well as, to publicize their work. They mostly
make stone sculptures according to the order given
to them. At one time, foreigners were their chief
costumers but now their numbers have decreased
and with it the demand. Even the few orders which
they get are hindered due to the prohibition claimed
by the government towards the mining of stones.
The best granite source for the workers in Kathmandu
is at Gwaldo, on the way to Dakchinkali. Purna
Bahadur says, "In the past the villagers
there had been a good supplier to the stoneworkers
in Patan; but recently the Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry banned the digging of stone reasoning
that such work created landslides and other destruction
to the natural habitat. Now we are forced to work
with limestones from Champadevi, in the East of
the Kathmandu Valley. Limestone is good but granite
is better for sculptures."
At
their factory, they are completing a stone stupa
13 feet high and 9.5 feet wide. As a miniature
replica of other large stupas around Kathmanu
Valley, this stupa is made up of separable parts.
It will be disassembled for easy transportation
to Germany, where the work contract came from.
It is said that when this stupa is completed it
will be placed in a park in Bromin, Germany. While
working on this bulky piece, Purna Bahadur remembers
the time many years back when he finished sculpting
a rock of similar size of around 8 feet by 11
feet. The Lords Laxmi and Narayan were sculpted
on this rock which still stands in Devghat, outside
the Kathmandu Valley. A copy of a water spout
in Mangal Bazaar, Patan, was made for the Hotel
Fulbari Resort, Pokhara and the family has also
produced replicas of other ancient stonework found
around the valley.
Due
to the influx of modern art in the country, Purna
Bahadur has also tried his skills in this field.
He confesses that he has no idea about the modern
arts but can copy a sculpture if an artist shows
him a one. He has been working with Pramilla Giri,
a prominent modern artist in Kathmandu. Among
Giri's notable works is the stone statue at the
front gate of Birendra Convention Hall, at Baneswor,
Kathmandu. Rabhi and Sabindra have been doing
some modern art sculpture on their own but seem
relatively clueless in this modern field and prefer
to work comfortably with their well learned sculptures
of deities.
Purna
Bahadur says that initially there were only two
clans working with stone during his time: the
Shakyas in Sundhara and the Bajracharyas in Bhinsebaal.
The Shakyas and the Bajracharyas are the only
ones who have earned the dikchya (knowledge) in
this field. Previously it was arranged so that
these two clans were the only ones allowed to
carve the eyes of the deities; now it is not so.
The stoneworkers in Patan are mostly those continuing
in their ancestral occupation and others have
been taken as apprentices by the experienced stoneworkers,
and all of them can do as they wish in contrast
to the earlier periods.
Pondering
over the younger generations, whether their children
will continue in this field or not, Nabin could
not answer confidently. He has a niece and fondly
says, "She, at the age of four, can easily
hold a chisel and start hammering on stone creating
some creaky lines. She uses it more as an amusing
toy than a tool. Days are changing and I doubt
that our following generation would really want
to continue in our footsteps."
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